India and China

Inheritance of Eye Color in Drosophila melanogaster essays

Inheritance of Eye Color in Drosophila melanogaster essays Inheritance of Eye Color in Drosophila melanogaster Sex-linked inheritance can lead to remarkable resulting differences between the chromosomes of females and males in many organisms. This study illustrates a simple, yet clarifying experiment designed to determine the sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila melanogaster have an x- and a y-chromosome in males and two x-chromosomes in females. The crosses of white-eyed females and red-eyed males give the following outcome in most cases (Figure 1): In this cross, about one white-eyed females fly appears in the F1 generation, as opposed to 2000-3000 red-eyed ones. Similarly, about one red-eyed male may be found among 2000-3000 white-eyed ones. In order to properly perform the experiment with the Drosophila, a controlled sampling system had to be prepared. In week 0, we started with 500 flies, 250 females and 250 males. To determine allelic frequency in males, we used the equation: To determine the allelic frequency in females, we used the equation: # red females = 1 ¡i(#white females  ¡ # total females) # white females =  ¡i(#white females  ¡ # total females) In the males, the allelic frequency for red-eyed was 0.5 and the allelic frequency for white-eyed was 0.5. 125 red males  ¡ 250 total males = 0.5 125 white males  ¡ 250 total males = 0.5 In females, the allelic frequency for red-eyed was 0.3 and the allelic frequency for white-eyed was 0.7. # red females = 1 ¡i(125 white females  ¡ 250 total females) = 0.3 # white females =  ¡i(125white females  ¡ 250 total females) = 0.7 This allowed for an even distribution in eye color among an even number of males and females. Once one has determined the allelic frequencies, the genotypic frequencies can be easily calculated, using the equation: p ©Ãƒ · = homozygous dominant, red- or wild-type eyed q ©Ãƒ · = homozygous recessive, white-eyed The genotypic frequen...

Democratization and Egyptian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Democratization and Egyptian Revolution - Essay Example Democratization refers to a process, which promotes or upholds democracy in the society. Historians believe that quest for civil freedom played a great role in institutionalizing democratic societies (Brown 45). The power of the people defines the system that is suitable at each instant in any democratic society. Civil rights movements usually advocates for governmental systems, which would promote the greater interest of the common person. A focus into the Arab nations would create a different picture in ones mind because it seems as if the government of the day does not respect the basic freedom of the people. It is probable that failed governments are likely to face an internal revolt. Bodies advocating for rights of humanity play a vital role in influencing the thinking of the people. For example, Muslim Brotherhood has played a protracted role in influencing the beliefs of many Muslims in Egypt (The Future of Egypt’s Democracy). There presence and influence has a stake in the current situation of Egypt. In order to understand the role of Muslim Brotherhood, it is important to explore the root of Muslim Brotherhood. Hassan al-Banna formed Muslim Brotherhood in 1928 (The Muslim Brotherhood). ... However, the movement has endured the test of time to remain viable for very many decades. Muslim Brotherhood met its first rejection by the Egyptian government after the Israel-Arab war. Muslim Brother has participated actively in political activities in Egypt. For instance, in 2005 the movement was able to clinch 88 of seats in the parliament through its â€Å"illegal† members (The Muslim Brotherhood). It became apparent that Muslim Brotherhood was a party that had influence on the lives of the Egyptians. The activities of Muslim Brothers in the last six months include active involvement political system of the country and sensitizing people to take an active role in uprising. The move by Muslim Brotherhood to take an active role in Egypt uprising aimed at changing autocratic system of governance that characterized Egypt system of governance. Arguable, political freedom occurs when the public have a stake in forming and participating in political deliberation that influence social life of the people. It is not surprising, that despite calls by human right activists in Egypt and the world, the previous regime did not acknowledge respect to human rights. History records atrocities and execution of activists that fought for democracy. The Egyptian society has embraced the teaching and objectives of Muslim Brotherhood, which have influenced the lives of Muslims across the Arab world. Currently, Muslim Brotherhood has issued threats to other Arab nations about the revolt that is eminent when democracy does not find an opportunity in the society (Brown 49). Muslim Brotherhood has a lot of influence to the politics in Palestine. Largely, the movement believes that it would influence the termination of peace treaty between Israel and Egypt if the Israelites do